Carving Begins at Mount Rushmore

An Idea in the Black Hills

South Dakota historian Doane Robinson proposed a mountain sculpture to attract visitors to the state. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum developed the project into a monument featuring presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.

The Carving Begins

Actual carving began on October 4, 1927. Workers faced the challenge of removing enormous quantities of granite while shaping recognizable faces high above the ground.

Working on the Mountain

Crews used dynamite to remove much of the rock, followed by pneumatic drilling and careful finishing. Workers descended on cables in suspended seats to reach the carving surface.

Four Presidents in Granite

Borglum selected the four presidents to represent major chapters in American history. Their faces emerged gradually as construction continued through changing seasons and funding difficulties.

Work Ends in 1941

Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, and his son Lincoln supervised the remaining work. The project was declared complete on October 31, 1941, although the original design had envisioned larger figures extending below the heads.

A Contested Landscape

The monument stands in the Black Hills, a landscape sacred to the Lakota. Its history is inseparable from the United States' seizure of these lands following the discovery of gold, despite treaty protections.

An Enduring Landmark

Mount Rushmore became one of America's most recognizable monuments. Its history combines extraordinary sculptural engineering with continuing questions about national memory and Indigenous land rights.

Timeline

1927-10-04 — Actual carving begins on Mount Rushmore.

1941-03-06 — Sculptor Gutzon Borglum dies; his son Lincoln continues supervising the project.

1941-10-31 — Work on the monument ends, and the project is declared complete.

Location

Black Hills, South Dakota, United States